As the Consumer Electronics Show (CES) in January sparked a new wave of autonomous vehicles (AVs) coming to the automotive market in the next few years, much focus as of late has been on the technology of these vehicles themselves. However, the technology embedded in road infrastructure is also beginning to see more conversation between service providers and municipalities.

With advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) and 5G network connectivity, smart-road infrastructure technology offers the promise of being added to many different roads, bridges, and other transit systems across the U.S. in hopes of improving real-time traffic analytics and tackling the most challenging road safety and traffic management problems. One technology at the center of this discussion is on the present-day use of AI-enhanced cameras and tomorrow’s promise of LiDAR technology.

Artificial Intelligence Enhances Camera Sensing Performance

Today, there are hundreds of thousands of traffic cameras deployed in the U.S. alone, and even millions more when CCTV cameras are considered. They are mainly used for road monitoring and basic traffic management applications (e.g., loop emulation). However, bringing the latest advancements of AI to these assets can immediately improve basic application performance and unlock more advanced software applications and use-cases.

AI and Machine Learning deliver superior sensing performance over traditional computer vision techniques found in legacy cameras. They enable more robust, flexible, and accurate detection, tracking and classification of all road users with algorithms that can automatically adapt to various lighting and weather conditions. In addition, they allow for predictive capabilities to better model road user movements and behaviors, and improve road safety. Agencies can immediately benefit from AI-enhanced cameras with applications such as road conflict detection and analysis, pedestrian crossing prediction and infrastructure sensing for AV deployments.

LiDAR Technology Cannot Fully Replace Cameras

LiDAR can provide complementary and sometimes overlapping value with cameras. However, there are still several safety critical edge cases where LiDAR technology does not perform well (e.g., heavy rain and snow, granular classification), and where cameras have been proven to handle better. Moreover, today’s LiDAR technology remains expensive to deploy at scale due to its high unit price and limited field of view. As an example, it would take multiple LiDARs at a hefty investment to be deployed in a single intersection, where just one 360-degree AI-camera can be a more cost-effective solution.

For many budget-focused communities, AI-cameras remain the proven technology of choice today. Over time, as the cost of LiDAR technology moderates, communities should evaluate augmenting their infrastructure with such sensors.

Eventually, Sensor Fusion Will Drive Strong Results

When the cost of LiDAR technology eventually sees an anticipated reduction, it will be viewed as a strong and viable addition to the AI-enhanced cameras that are being installed today. Similar to autonomous vehicles, sensor fusion would be the go-to approach for smart infrastructure solutions and would allow to maximize the benefits of both technologies.

See the table below for a comparison of relative performance of Cameras vs. LiDARs.

Feature	Legacy Camera	AI-powered Camera¹	LiDAR	AI-powered Camera and LiDAR Fusion
Challenging lighting conditions (e.g., low light, glare)	Low	Medium	High	High
Adverse weather conditions (e.g., snow, rain, fog)	Low	High	Medium	High
Localization	Low	Medium	High	High
Classification	Low	High	Medium	High
Affordability	High	Medium	Low²	Low²

1. Assumes presence of IR or good low-light sensor
2. Expected to improve with time

The use of a cost-effective and performing AI-powered camera today, combined with the great potential of LiDAR in the coming years, would help communities and municipalities achieve a win-win scenario today and tomorrow.

At the end of the day, the goal is clear in improving overall traffic flow and eliminating road crashes and fatalities, but the technology and implementation strategy has to be right in doing so. The technology monitoring our roads needs to change too, thus calling for the consideration of AI-powered cameras today with the promise of LiDAR tomorrow.

About the Authors:   

Dr. Georges Aoude and Karl Jeanbart are co-founders of Derq, an MIT spinoff powering the future of connected and autonomous roads, making cities smarter and safer for all road users, and enabling the deployment of autonomous vehicles at scale. Derq provides cities and fleets with an award-winning and patented smart infrastructure Platform powered by AI that helps them tackle the most challenging road safety and traffic management problems.  